![]() ![]() Additionally, the dissonance of the situation was altered so that the environment either justified the robot's interference or not. In different experimental trials, participants had to perform a given task that was nullified by instructions from one of the two robots. The two robot designs differ in terms of humanoid appearance. A Virtual Reality experiment was conducted (N=33) to evaluate two different robot designs in a bus stop boarding scenario. This study investigates how the human-likeness of a robot influences the compliance and emotions of public transport users. ![]() Current solutions on platforms can be replaced or enriched with service robots whose task includes crowd management as well as social interaction. This elicits challenges regarding redirecting and managing passengers. The deployment of autonomous transport systems comes with a lack of human contact persons for help, guidance, and crowd management. One field of application is the public transport sector. Despite these issues, the scale contributes to future research on social perception of robots.KeywordsSPRS-social perception of robots scaleSocial perceptionRobotsHRISocial robotsScale constructionĪs robots enter everyday environments, they start performing tasks originally performed by humans. However, missing values interfered with confirmatory and validating analyses. We found significant correlations between age, gender, educational level, and factors of the scale. To validate these results, we performed confirmatory factor analysis (CFA) on the remaining sample and tested for validity and reliability. An exploratory factor analysis on a random sample revealed three factors: “anthropomorphism”, “morality/sociability”, and “activity/cooperation”. To develop a new scale, we aggregated data on social perception of robots, initially operationalized as competence, sociability, morality, and anthropomorphism from four prior studies. Even though social perception is multi-dimensional, available scales do not adequately picture this complexity in the perception of robots. Social robots should elicit positive associations to be accepted and integrated into daily lives. Robots are increasingly populating social settings. These findings emphasise the importance of both user and robot characteristics in the successful integration of social robots. Displayed robot emotion significantly influenced acceptance and perception with the positive robot appearing more childlike than the negative and neutral robot, and the neutral robot the least helpful. ![]() Robot familiarity also correlated with robot acceptance with those more familiar finding the robot less useful and less enjoyable, this is important as robots become more prominent in society. This highlights the importance of mood in the introduction of social robots into vulnerable populations. For example, those younger and those experiencing sadness or loneliness were more dependent on the opinions of others (as measured by the social influence construct of the acceptance questionnaire). Gender and education were not associated with acceptance however, several constructs of the acceptance questionnaire significantly correlated with age and mood. Eighty-six participants completed implicit and explicit measures of mood before viewing one of three video clips containing a positive, negative or neutral social robot (Pepper) followed by questionnaires on robot acceptance and perception. Therefore, this study attempts to highlight the need to consider the influence that both human and robot attributes can have on social robot acceptance. Whilst some studies have previously investigated the importance of user characteristics (age, gender, education, robot familiarity, mood) in the acceptance of social robots as well as the influence a robot’s displayed emotion (positive, negative, neutral) has on the interaction, these two aspects are rarely combined. Research in social robotics is focused on the development of robots that can provide physical and cognitive support in a socially interactive way.
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